They also thank Wuxiucheng Wang, Lejie Lu, and Ming Gong for valuable discussions and help on testing. The blue open circles show the dielectric and air bands. Thorlabs free-space electro-optic (EO) amplitude and phase lithium niobate modulators combine our experience with crystal growth and electro-optic materials. 1d and8a). Figure7a shows the electro-optic modulation response of the device (blue curve), which exhibits a 3-dB modulation bandwidth up to around 17.5GHz. M.L., U.A.J., and S.X. Photon-level tuning of photonic nanocavities. Wideband thin-film lithium niobate modulator with low half-wave-voltage length product. Femtojoule electro-optic modulation using a siliconorganic hybrid device. Lithium niobate photonic-crystal electro-optic modulator, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17950-7. Nature 528, 534538 (2015). Technol. The research was co-authored by Dylan Renaud, Rebecca Cheng, Linbo Shao. External modulator is typically either a LiNbO3 modulator or an electroabsorptive modulator. and M.L. Photonics 2, 433437 (2008). Lithium Niobate Nonlinear Thermal Waveguide MODE Automation API Nonlinear Optics Photonic Integrated Circuits - Active Computing Second-harmonic generation (SHG) in a Lithium Niobite - LiNbO3 (LNO) nanophotonic waveguide is studied using temperature modulation to achieve efficient phase matching. Harvards Office of Technology Developmenthas protected the intellectual property arising from the Loncar Labs innovations in lithium niobate systems. & Mitchell, A. Winzer, P. J. Cite this article. The inset of a shows the measured normalized transmission (NT) on a logarithmic scale, revealing an extinction ratio of 30 dB. c, d, Numerically simulated microwave (c) and optical (d) field distributions (both shown in Ez components) in the cross-section of the thin-film modulator. IEEE J. Sel. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles The orange curve in Fig. This work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (ECCS1609549, ECCS-1740296 E2CDA and DMR-1231319) and by Harvard University Office of Technology Development (Physical Sciences and Engineering Accelerator Award). 1e) to enable a partial reflection/transmission, with the hole number optimized for a critical coupling to the cavity. 101, 151117 (2012). High modulation efficiency lithium niobate Michelson interferometer modulator. & Nakano, S. High-speed modulator for next-generation large-capacity coherent optical networks. Scaling an EOM down to a small footprint would reduce the device capacitance and thus decrease the switching energy27,28, which is indispensable for all practical applications. 1 Ultra-high-linearity integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators Hanke Feng1, Ke 1Zhang1, Wenzhao Sun , Yangming Ren2,3, Yiwen Zhang1, Wenfu Zhang2,3 & Cheng Wang1* 1Department ofElectricalEngineering&StateKeyLaboratory TerahertzandMillimeterWaves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 2Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences . Nature CAS Nat. Express 26, 15471555 (2018). We thank J. Khan for discussions on the LN platform, H. Majedi for help with the equipment, and C. Reimer, S. Bogdanovi, L. Shao and B. Desiatov for feedback on the manuscript. Numerical simulations show that the device exhibits a small capacitance C of C=~22fF, which is more than one order of magnitude smaller than other LN EOMs1,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26. Express 23, 2274622752 (2015). Figure8b, c shows the numerically simulated tuning efficiency and the corresponding optical Q, respectively. 1a, d). Qiang Lin. A hybrid waveguide with a lithium niobate thin film bonded on a silicon wire is employed. & Thomson, D. J. In the current EOMs shown above, light is coupled into and out of the EOMs via a same side of the cavity, which is not convenient in practice since a circulator is required to separate the modulated light for the laser input. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0551-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0551-y. On the other hand, lithium niobate electro-optic modulators, the workhorse of the optoelectronic industry for decades9, have been challenging to integrate on-chip because of difficulties in microstructuring lithium niobate. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This work was performed in part at the Cornell NanoScale Facility, a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (National Science Foundation, ECCS-1542081). (Credit: Second Bay Studios/Harvard SEAS). 41, 57005703 (2016). 1a), where an injector section (Fig. ISSN 0028-0836 (print). ADS Our scalable modulator devices could provide cost-effective, low-power and ultra-high-speed solutions for next-generation optical communication networks and microwave photonic systems. Li, M., Liang, H., Luo, R., He, Y. The equipment in the highlighted dashed box is used for characterizing the performance of electro-optic modulation. PSI offers ultra-high-speed lithium niobate phase modulators. Opt. However, negligible degradation observed between Fig. Google Scholar. Electro-optic modulators translate high-speed electronic signals into the optical domain and are critical components in modern telecommunication networks1,2 and microwave-photonic systems3,4. When the modulation frequency is increased to 2.0GHz greater than the cavity linewidth, the cavity is too slow to follow the electro-optic modulation, which results in the frequency conversion of photons into sidebands with frequency separation equal to the modulation frequency. 100G/400G LN Modulator. Optica Publishing Group on Twitter: "View Spotlight analysis of the # B 97, 104105 (2018). [2304.13760] Reliable micro-transfer printing method for heterogeneous Lithium Niobate Phase Modulators - Phase Sensitive Innovations Google Scholar. Rep. 7, 46313 (2017). Miller, D. A. Lithium niobate photonic-crystal electro-optic modulator B. Attojoule optoelectronics for low-energy information processing and communications. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. & Lonar, M. Monolithic ultra-high-Q lithium niobate microring resonator. are involved in developing lithium niobate technologies at HyperLight Corporation. Low V silicon photonics modulators with highly linear epitaxially grown phase shifters. Nature thanks M. Hochberg and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. With these devices, we are able to realize efficient driving of the optical mode in both adiabatic sideband-unresolved and non-adiabatic sideband-resolved regimes, and to observe the transition in between. Modern advanced photonic integrated circuits require dense integration of high-speed electro-optic functional elements on a compact chip that consumes only moderate power. Here we overcome these limitations and demonstrate monolithically integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators that feature a CMOS-compatible drive voltage, support data rates up to 210. This value is the smallest switching energy ever reported for LN EOMs1,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26, clearly showing the high energy efficiency of our devices. Nat. Poberaj, G., Hu, H., Sohler, W. & Gnter, P. Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) for micro-photonic devices. Opt. Liu, K., Ye, C. R., Khan, S. & Sorger, V. J. Lett. Figure 1: Dual-drive system layout Schmidt, R. V. & Kaminow, I. P. Metal-diffused optical waveguides in LiNbO3. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Haffner, C. et al. Optica 4, 15361537 (2017). 1e) is still able to produce a well-confined point-defect cavity, with a simulated optical Q of ~105 for the fundamental transverse-electric-like (TE-like) cavity mode, \({\mathrm{{TE}}}_{01}^{0}\), shown in Fig. 03 April 2023, Nature Communications 1g) at 1604.13nm (not shown) with a loaded optical Q of 3.03104. a Laser-scanned transmission spectrum in the telecom band. High-Production-Rate Fabrication of Low-Loss Lithium Niobate Electro Extended Data Fig. 35, 346396 (2017). On-chip generation of high-dimensional entangled quantum states and their coherent control. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Lithium niobate, as a traditional multifunctional material, has stimulated a photonics revolution as silicon did for electronics. Nature (Nature) M.L. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. That highlighted in blue indicates the large metal pad used for contacting the RF probe. Upconversion of light from its fundamental wavelength (FW) to its second harmonic (SH) is enhanced 32 in micron-scale lithium niobate (LiNbO3) spheres through near-field interactions with gold . Slider with three articles shown per slide. 7a. Boyd, R. W. Nonlinear Optics (Academic, Cambridge, 2003). M.Z. Appl. Thanks to the strong light confinement, we are able to place the electrode fairly close to the cavity without introducing extra optical loss (Fig. To maximize the electro-optic interaction, we utilize a partially etched structure with a rib-waveguide-like cross-section, leaving a 150-nm-thick wing layer for the electrodes to sit on (Fig. and JavaScript. Lett. 5a, the cavity resonance tunes smoothly with the applied voltage, without any degradation to the lineshape or coupling depth, clearly showing the pure dispersive electro-optic tuning as expected from the Pockels effect. Science 318, 15671570 (2007). c Detailed spectrum (blue) with RF driving signal at 2.0GHz with a power of 16mW. Koeber, S. et al. b Same as a but with a modulation frequency of 2.0GHz. This mode, however, has only negligible perturbation to the dielectric mode due to distinctive spatial symmetry, thus not affecting the quality of the defect cavity mode. and Q.L. Figure2 shows a fabricated device (see Methods for the details of device fabrication). This is a typical signature of resonance modulation in the sideband-unresolved regime, where the cavity resonance follows adiabatically the electric driving signal in a sinusoidal fashion, resulting in a broadened average transmission spectrum (Fig.
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