The long term impact brought forth by the consequences or legacy of the Nazi party included a population decrease and an increase in deaths. With instructions from Berlin and with active help from the German legation in Vienna, Austrian Nazis on July 25, 1934, tried to take over their countrys government by an insurrectionary putsch. AQA 8145 - Night of the Long Knives | Teaching Resources Reorganisation and the Bamberg Conference, The role of economic instability in the Nazi rise to power, The role of political instability in the Nazi rise to power, The role of the conservative elite in the Nazi rise to power. The SA and the SS had also been on a month long campaign of violence to scare or imprison other opponents to the party. In Berlin, on Gring's personal orders, an armed SS unit stormed the Vice-Chancellery. Goebbels soon radicalised each of these areas, ensuring that they advocated Nazi ideas. Some of Hitlers other enemies were also murdered, including the last chancellor of the Weimar Republic, Kurt von Schleicher; Gregor Strasser, who until 1932 had been second only to Hitler in the Nazi Party; Bavarian ex-separatist Gustav von Kahr; conservative critic Edgar Jung; and Catholic professor Erich Klausener. She even compared him to Frederick the Great, the 18th-century king of Prussia.[2]. Hitler's entire life was one of making key-life and death-strategic decisions, successfully. The 'Night of the Long Knives' is a name given to an internal purge within the National Socialist movement in mid-1934. Originally designed and developed by the London Jewish Cultural Centre. (29-30 June 1934) The name coined by Hitler for a weekend of murders throughout Germany. The Night of the Long Knives was the term given to the process whereby Hitler, in 1934, purged the Nazi Party of all those who were a threat to Hitler. Consumed with rage, Hitler denounced "the worst treachery in world history". On 17 June 1934, conservative demands for Hitler to act came to a head when Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen, confidant of the ailing Hindenburg, gave a speech at Marburg University warning of the threat of a "second revolution. Its membership plummeted from 2.9 million in August 1934 to 1.2 million in April 1938. [83], Before its execution, the purges instigators referred to the plans under the codename Hummingbird (German: Kolibri), the word used to command execution squads into action on 30 June. The tension between the SA and the Nazi leadership grew. Additionally, Hitler was uncomfortable with Rhm's outspoken support for a "second revolution" to redistribute wealth. However, most accounts argue that as many as 1,000 deaths occurred during the Night of the Long Knives. The Nazis used the SA and the newly expanded SS to harass and imprison any potential opponents of the Nazi Party. [28] Hitler had hesitated for months in moving against Rhm, in part due to Rhm's visibility as the leader of a national militia with millions of members. The law needed two thirds of the Reichstag to vote for it to pass. Enraged, Hitler tore the epaulets off the shirt of Obergruppenfhrer August Schneidhuber, the chief of the Munich police, for failing to keep order in the city the previous night. [11] Rhm saw violence as a means to political ends. persecution NHS services across England will face major disruption throughout today as nurses walk out in a 28-hour strike over pay. We were close personal friends; we often dined together in Berlin. Zanu PF's Night of the Long Knives - Nehanda Radio . To ensure quality for our reviews, only customers who have purchased this resource can review it . Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen only narrowly escaped inclusion among the victims, and he was dismissed from the vice-chancellorship three days later (July 3). [21] At the end of May, Brning and Schleicher, two former chancellors, received warnings from friends in the Reichswehr that their lives were in danger and they should leave Germany at once. Hindenburg died on August 2, 1934. Rhm was very critical of Hitler's policies of working with rich businessmen and the army. In his speech to the Reichstag on 13 July justifying his actions, Hitler denounced Schleicher for conspiring with Rhm to overthrow the government; Hitler alleged both were traitors working in the pay of France. Night of the Long Knives (1962) - Wikipedia The Nazis started with the "[26] According to his memoirs, von Papen, a Catholic aristocrat with ties to army and industry, privately threatened to resign if Hitler did not act. The process primarily took place between 1933-1934. They would later reopen it to liquidate the d ghetto. On 13 July 1934 the Reichstag While many officers were impressed by Hitler's promises of an expanded army, a return to conscription, and a more aggressive foreign policy, the army continued to guard its traditions of independence during the early years of the Nazi regime. The Night of the Long Knives: the bloody purge that secured Hitler's power. Until then, Lippert had been one of the few executioners of the purge to evade trial. Night of the Long Knives: Summary & Victims | StudySmarter He lifted his arm in the Nazi salute and called out "Heil Hitler, I love Germany. [32] Blomberg and General Walther von Reichenau, the army's liaison to the party, gave it to him by expelling Rhm from the German Officers' League. He was now a dictator. Other sets by this creator. concentration camp A poster from the March 1933 elections. Hitler announced to those present that the SA would act as an auxiliary to the Reichswehr, not the other way around. [34], At about 04:30 on 30 June 1934, Hitler and his entourage flew to Munich. Despite this improvement, the Nazis still did not command a majority in the Reichstag. On the 4 October 1933, it was declared that all editors must be Aryan. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. Local governments proved more difficult to infiltrate, and even at the end of 1945 only 60% of local mayors were Nazi Party members. [48] Eicke and Lippert then shot Rhm, killing him. Also killed that night were hundreds of other perceived . Within weeks of Rhms death, Hitler made an attempt to settle the question of union with Austria through simple violence. [13], If the regular army showed contempt for the masses belonging to the SA, many stormtroopers returned the feeling, seeing the army as insufficiently committed to the National Socialist revolution. [m] Years later, in November 1945, while being interviewed by psychologist Gustave Gilbert in his cell during the Nuremberg trials, Gring angrily justified the killings to Gilbert, "It's a damn good thing I wiped them out, or they would have wiped us out!"[85]. The destiny of our country is at stake. Dachau illusion "It was plain that there was wide acceptance of the deliberately misleading propaganda put out by the regime. Shortly after Hindenburgs death, Hitler announced that offices of the chancellor and the president were to be combined to create one position, the Fhrer and chancellor. By some estimates, as many as 1,000 were rounded up, never to be seen again. In this hour I was responsible for the fate of the German people, and thereby I became the supreme judge of the German people. The Night of the Long Knives is regarded as an important political episode that had far-reaching consequences, not only in Nazi Germany but across the world. To take control of cultural policy, the Nazis appointed Joseph Goebbels as Minister for Public Engagement and Propaganda on the 13 March 1933. [21], Demands for Hitler to constrain the SA strengthened. In response, Hitler met Blomberg and the leadership of the SA and SS on 28 February 1934. The Night of the Long Knives was a helping event in Hitler becoming a dictator. Once the Enabling Law was in place, the Nazis could bypass the Reichstag and rule by decree seemingly creating laws that stabilised Germany and got rid of its internal enemies. "Rhm was given the opportunity to draw the consequences of his treacherous behaviour," said Hitler in . Hitler remained indecisive and uncertain about just what precisely he wanted to do when he left for Venice to meet Benito Mussolini on 15 June. It is otherwise known as coordination or Nazification. The Night of the Long Knives was a turning point for the German government. The Night of the Long Knives - the Education Forum Historian Gavin Mortimer explains how Hitler nearly came unstuck as early as 1934 - and that the bloody purge that followed was a warning of horrors to come . In 1928, the popular Nazi song "Wetzt die langen Messer" (English: Sharpen the long knives) encourages the mass murder of Jewish people and the desecration of Synagogues. Second, German Pres. They come in PDF and Powerpoint formats and can be amended and changed to suit. Hence, the Freikorps were in opposition to the new Weimar Republic, which was born as a result of the November Revolution, and whose founders were contemptuously called "November criminals". Night of the Long Knives - Oxford Reference Some of those executed by Hitler were once considered close allies and friends. Source starter, video introducing the night of the long knives, source analysis assessing causes and consequences of the night of the long knives, describe 4 mark question built in and overall judgement building on the learning sequence of the most significant reason Hitler was able to establish a dictatorship. [53][54], Wanting to present the massacre as legally sanctioned, Hitler had the cabinet approve a measure on 3 July that declared, "The measures taken on June 30, July 1 and 2 to suppress treasonous assaults are legal as acts of self-defence by the State. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. In addition to this, there was a mutual dislike between the traditional conservative elite who maintained many key positions in the government and the army during the first years of the Third Reich and the SA. A copy of the original film, before Rhm was edited out, was found in the 1980s in the German Democratic Republic's film archives. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. On the 2 May 1933 trade unions were banned. President Hindenburg died at the age of 87 on 2 August 1934. The Party had generally been aligned with the Social Democrats and Catholic Church during the rise of Nazism, being critical of Nazi ideology, but voting nonetheless for the Enabling Act of 1933 which granted Hitler dictatorial authority. Many of the prisoners were tortured and abused. Hess, present among the assembled, even volunteered to shoot the "traitors". The Peoples Court, a court created by the Nazis in April 1934 with judges chosen specifically for their Nazi beliefs, replaced the Supreme Court. Carried out primarily by the SS and the Gestapo, over 150 people were murdered and hundreds more were arrested. In response to conservative pressure to constrain Rhm, Hitler left for Neudeck to meet with Hindenburg. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Through the use of primary sources, students will gain a deeper understanding of the motivations, actions, and consequences of the Night of the Long Knives. The purge list is drawn up. IRA's Night of Long Knives' part in peace process - IrishCentral.com Hitler and Himmler unleashed the Gestapo against old enemies, as well. The SS found Breslau SA leader Edmund Heines in bed with an unidentified eighteen-year-old male SA senior troop leader. [7] Complaints of "overbearing and loutish" behaviour by stormtroopers became common by the middle of 1933. Despite his earlier agreement with Hitler, Rhm still clung to his vision of a new German army with the SA at its core. The Night of Long Knives - The Holocaust Explained The Night of the Long Knives - Nazi Germany ", Coincidentally, Hitler had been incarcerated at. [41], The regime did not limit itself to a purge of the SA. [82] However, the term was soon adopted by the Nazis themselves to invoke what they saw as justifiable and necessary measures taken by Germanic peoples against an enemy. Night of the Long Knives, in German history, purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler on June 30, 1934. [1] More than a thousand perceived opponents were arrested. Political instability in the Weimar Republic, Hyperinflation and the invasion of the Ruhr, Strength and weaknesses of the Weimar Republic. As chancellor, Hitler did not command the army, which remained under the formal leadership of Hindenburg, a highly respected veteran field marshal. Paul von Hindenburg was the president of the Weimar Republic from the 12 May 1925 until his death on the 2 August 1934. The Night of Long Knives occurred on June 30, 1934. 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